# Chapter 16. Build Script Basics

## 16.1. Projects and tasks

Everything in Gradle sits on top of two basic concepts: projects and tasks.

Every Gradle build is made up of one or more projects. What a project represents depends on what it is that you are doing with Gradle. For example, a project might represent a library JAR or a web application. It might represent a distribution ZIP assembled from the JARs produced by other projects. A project does not necessarily represent a thing to be built. It might represent a thing to be done, such as deploying your application to staging or production environments. Don't worry if this seems a little vague for now. Gradle's build-by-convention support adds a more concrete definition for what a project is.

Each project is made up of one or more tasks. A task represents some atomic piece of work which a build performs. This might be compiling some classes, creating a JAR, generating Javadoc, or publishing some archives to a repository.

For now, we will look at defining some simple tasks in a build with one project. Later chapters will look at working with multiple projects and more about working with projects and tasks.

## 16.2. Hello world

You run a Gradle build using the gradle command. The gradle command looks for a file called `build.gradle` in the current directory. [5] We call this `build.gradle` file a build script, although strictly speaking it is a build configuration script, as we will see later. The build script defines a project and its tasks.

To try this out, create the following build script named `build.gradle`.

Example 16.1. Your first build script

`build.gradle`

    task hello {
        doLast {
            println 'Hello world!'
        }
    }

In a command-line shell, move to the containing directory and execute the build script with `gradle -q hello`:

### What does `-q` do?

Most of the examples in this user guide are run with the `-q` command-line option. This suppresses Gradle's log messages, so that only the output of the tasks is shown. This keeps the example output in this user guide a little clearer. You don't need to use this option if you don't want to. See Chapter 24, Logging for more details about the command-line options which affect Gradle's output.

Example 16.2. Execution of a build script

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    Hello world!

What's going on here? This build script defines a single task, called `hello`, and adds an action to it. When you run `gradle hello`, Gradle executes the `hello` task, which in turn executes the action you've provided. The action is simply a closure containing some Groovy code to execute.

If you think this looks similar to Ant's targets, you would be right. Gradle tasks are the equivalent to Ant targets, but as you will see, they are much more powerful. We have used a different terminology than Ant as we think the word task is more expressive than the word target. Unfortunately this introduces a terminology clash with Ant, as Ant calls its commands, such as `javac` or `copy`, tasks. So when we talk about tasks, we always mean Gradle tasks, which are the equivalent to Ant's targets. If we talk about Ant tasks (Ant commands), we explicitly say Ant task.

## 16.3. A shortcut task definition

This functionality is deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 5.0 without replacement. Use the methods `Task.doFirst(org.gradle.api.Action)` and `Task.doLast(org.gradle.api.Action)` to define an action instead, as demonstrated by the rest of the examples in this chapter.

There is a shorthand way to define a task like our `hello` task above, which is more concise.

Example 16.3. A task definition shortcut

`build.gradle`

    task hello << {
        println 'Hello world!'
    }

Again, this defines a task called `hello` with a single closure to execute. The `<<` operator is simply an alias for `doLast`.

## 16.4. Build scripts are code

Gradle's build scripts give you the full power of Groovy. As an appetizer, have a look at this:

Example 16.4. Using Groovy in Gradle's tasks

`build.gradle`

    task upper {
        doLast {
            String someString = 'mY_nAmE'
            println "Original: " + someString
            println "Upper case: " + someString.toUpperCase()
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q upper`

    > gradle -q upper
    Original: mY_nAmE
    Upper case: MY_NAME

or

Example 16.5. Using Groovy in Gradle's tasks

`build.gradle`

    task count {
        doLast {
            4.times { print "$it " }
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q count`

    > gradle -q count
    0 1 2 3

## 16.5. Task dependencies

As you probably have guessed, you can declare tasks that depend on other tasks.

Example 16.6. Declaration of task that depends on other task

`build.gradle`

    task hello {
        doLast {
            println 'Hello world!'
        }
    }
    task intro(dependsOn: hello) {
        doLast {
            println "I'm Gradle"
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q intro`

    > gradle -q intro
    Hello world!
    I'm Gradle

To add a dependency, the corresponding task does not need to exist.

Example 16.7. Lazy dependsOn - the other task does not exist (yet)

`build.gradle`

    task taskX(dependsOn: 'taskY') {
        doLast {
            println 'taskX'
        }
    }
    task taskY {
        doLast {
            println 'taskY'
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q taskX`

    > gradle -q taskX
    taskY
    taskX

The dependency of `taskX` to `taskY` is declared before `taskY` is defined. This is very important for multi-project builds. Task dependencies are discussed in more detail in Section 19.5, “Adding dependencies to a task”.

Please notice that you can't use shortcut notation (see Section 16.8, “Shortcut notations”) when referring to a task that is not yet defined.

## 16.6. Dynamic tasks

The power of Groovy can be used for more than defining what a task does. For example, you can also use it to dynamically create tasks.

Example 16.8. Dynamic creation of a task

`build.gradle`

    4.times { counter ->
        task "task$counter" {
            doLast {
                println "I'm task number $counter"
            }
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q task1`

    > gradle -q task1
    I'm task number 1

## 16.7. Manipulating existing tasks

Once tasks are created they can be accessed via an API. For instance, you could use this to dynamically add dependencies to a task, at runtime. Ant doesn't allow anything like this.

Example 16.9. Accessing a task via API - adding a dependency

`build.gradle`

    4.times { counter ->
        task "task$counter" {
            doLast {
                println "I'm task number $counter"
            }
        }
    }
    task0.dependsOn task2, task3

Output of `gradle -q task0`

    > gradle -q task0
    I'm task number 2
    I'm task number 3
    I'm task number 0

Or you can add behavior to an existing task.

Example 16.10. Accessing a task via API - adding behaviour

`build.gradle`

    task hello {
        doLast {
            println 'Hello Earth'
        }
    }
    hello.doFirst {
        println 'Hello Venus'
    }
    hello.doLast {
        println 'Hello Mars'
    }
    hello {
        doLast {
            println 'Hello Jupiter'
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    Hello Venus
    Hello Earth
    Hello Mars
    Hello Jupiter

The calls `doFirst` and `doLast` can be executed multiple times. They add an action to the beginning or the end of the task's actions list. When the task executes, the actions in the action list are executed in order.

## 16.8. Shortcut notations

There is a convenient notation for accessing an existing task. Each task is available as a property of the build script:

Example 16.11. Accessing task as a property of the build script

`build.gradle`

    task hello {
        doLast {
            println 'Hello world!'
        }
    }
    hello.doLast {
        println "Greetings from the $hello.name task."
    }

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    Hello world!
    Greetings from the hello task.

This enables very readable code, especially when using the tasks provided by the plugins, like the `compile` task.

## 16.9. Extra task properties

You can add your own properties to a task. To add a property named `myProperty`, set `ext.myProperty` to an initial value. From that point on, the property can be read and set like a predefined task property.

Example 16.12. Adding extra properties to a task

`build.gradle`

    task myTask {
        ext.myProperty = "myValue"
    }

    task printTaskProperties {
        doLast {
            println myTask.myProperty
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q printTaskProperties`

    > gradle -q printTaskProperties
    myValue

Extra properties aren't limited to tasks. You can read more about them in Section 18.4.2, “Extra properties”.

## 16.10. Using Ant Tasks

Ant tasks are first-class citizens in Gradle. Gradle provides excellent integration for Ant tasks by simply relying on Groovy. Groovy is shipped with the fantastic `AntBuilder`. Using Ant tasks from Gradle is as convenient and more powerful than using Ant tasks from a `build.xml` file. From the example below, you can learn how to execute Ant tasks and how to access Ant properties:

Example 16.13. Using AntBuilder to execute ant.loadfile target

`build.gradle`

    task loadfile {
        doLast {
            def files = file('../antLoadfileResources').listFiles().sort()
            files.each { File file ->
                if (file.isFile()) {
                    ant.loadfile(srcFile: file, property: file.name)
                    println " *** $file.name ***"
                    println "${ant.properties[file.name]}"
                }
            }
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q loadfile`

    > gradle -q loadfile
     *** agile.manifesto.txt ***
    Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
    Working software over comprehensive documentation
    Customer collaboration  over contract negotiation
    Responding to change over following a plan
     *** gradle.manifesto.txt ***
    Make the impossible possible, make the possible easy and make the easy elegant.
    (inspired by Moshe Feldenkrais)

There is lots more you can do with Ant in your build scripts. You can find out more in Chapter 21, Using Ant from Gradle.

## 16.11. Using methods

Gradle scales in how you can organize your build logic. The first level of organizing your build logic for the example above, is extracting a method.

Example 16.14. Using methods to organize your build logic

`build.gradle`

    task checksum {
        doLast {
            fileList('../antLoadfileResources').each { File file ->
                ant.checksum(file: file, property: "cs_$file.name")
                println "$file.name Checksum: ${ant.properties["cs_$file.name"]}"
            }
        }
    }

    task loadfile {
        doLast {
            fileList('../antLoadfileResources').each { File file ->
                ant.loadfile(srcFile: file, property: file.name)
                println "I'm fond of $file.name"
            }
        }
    }

    File[] fileList(String dir) {
        file(dir).listFiles({file -> file.isFile() } as FileFilter).sort()
    }

Output of `gradle -q loadfile`

    > gradle -q loadfile
    I'm fond of agile.manifesto.txt
    I'm fond of gradle.manifesto.txt

Later you will see that such methods can be shared among subprojects in multi-project builds. If your build logic becomes more complex, Gradle offers you other very convenient ways to organize it. We have devoted a whole chapter to this. See Chapter 43, Organizing Build Logic.

## 16.12. Default tasks

Gradle allows you to define one or more default tasks that are executed if no other tasks are specified.

Example 16.15. Defining a default task

`build.gradle`

    defaultTasks 'clean', 'run'

    task clean {
        doLast {
            println 'Default Cleaning!'
        }
    }

    task run {
        doLast {
            println 'Default Running!'
        }
    }

    task other {
        doLast {
            println "I'm not a default task!"
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q`

    > gradle -q
    Default Cleaning!
    Default Running!

This is equivalent to running `gradle clean run`. In a multi-project build every subproject can have its own specific default tasks. If a subproject does not specify default tasks, the default tasks of the parent project are used (if defined).

## 16.13. Configure by DAG

As we later describe in full detail (see Chapter 22, The Build Lifecycle), Gradle has a configuration phase and an execution phase. After the configuration phase, Gradle knows all tasks that should be executed. Gradle offers you a hook to make use of this information. A use-case for this would be to check if the release task is among the tasks to be executed. Depending on this, you can assign different values to some variables.

In the following example, execution of the `distribution` and `release` tasks results in different value of the `version` variable.

Example 16.16. Different outcomes of build depending on chosen tasks

`build.gradle`

    task distribution {
        doLast {
            println "We build the zip with version=$version"
        }
    }

    task release(dependsOn: 'distribution') {
        doLast {
            println 'We release now'
        }
    }

    gradle.taskGraph.whenReady {taskGraph ->
        if (taskGraph.hasTask(release)) {
            version = '1.0'
        } else {
            version = '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q distribution`

    > gradle -q distribution
    We build the zip with version=1.0-SNAPSHOT

Output of `gradle -q release`

    > gradle -q release
    We build the zip with version=1.0
    We release now

The important thing is that `whenReady` affects the release task before the release task is executed. This works even when the release task is not the primary task (i.e., the task passed to the gradle command).

## 16.14. Where to next?

In this chapter, we have had a first look at tasks. But this is not the end of the story for tasks. If you want to jump into more of the details, have a look at Chapter 19, More about Tasks.

Otherwise, continue on to the tutorials in Chapter 46, Java Quickstart and Chapter 7, Dependency Management Basics.

[5] There are command line switches to change this behavior. See Appendix D, Gradle Command Line)