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//
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// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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//
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//
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// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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[[upgrading_version_9]]

= Upgrading within Gradle 9.x.y

This chapter provides the information you need to migrate your Gradle 9.x.y builds to the latest.
For migrating to Gradle 9.0.0, see the <<upgrading_major_version_9.adoc#upgrading_major_version_9, older migration guide>> first.

We recommend the following steps for all users:

. Try running `gradle help --scan` and view the https://docs.gradle.com/develocity/get-started/#identifying_deprecated_gradle_functionality[deprecations view] of the generated Build Scan.
+
image::deprecations.png[Deprecations View of a Gradle Build Scan]
+
This lets you see any deprecation warnings that apply to your build.
+
Alternatively, you can run `gradle help --warning-mode=all` to see the deprecations in the console, though it may not report as much detailed information.
. Update your plugins.
+
Some plugins will break with this new version of Gradle because they use internal APIs that have been removed or changed.
The previous step will help you identify potential problems by issuing deprecation warnings when a plugin tries to use a deprecated part of the API.
+
. Run `gradle wrapper --gradle-version {gradleVersion}` to update the project to {gradleVersion}.
. Try to run the project and debug any errors using the <<troubleshooting.adoc#troubleshooting, Troubleshooting Guide>>.

[[changes_9.5.0]]
== Upgrading from 9.4.0 and earlier

=== Potential breaking changes

==== Plugins requested by precompiled settings plugins are now resolved in the build that compiles them

When a precompiled settings plugin (`*.settings.gradle.kts`) declares a plugin in a `plugins {}` block, that
plugin request is now resolved against the dependencies of the build that compiles the plugin.

Previously, if a precompiled settings plugin was never applied, it could contain an invalid plugin request
without being detected:

.buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/my-precompiled-plugin.settings.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
plugins {
    id("com.example.invalid.plugin") // a plugin that does not exist in the dependencies
}
----

If such a plugin was published, the invalid request would only fail later, when the plugin was used by a
consuming build. Gradle now validates these plugin requests during compilation and fails the build if the
requested plugin cannot be resolved. This behavior now matches that of precompiled script plugins targeting `Project`.

Avoid invalid plugin requests in unused precompiled settings plugins.

==== Calling `.values()` on environment variables or system properties now tracked by Configuration Cache

Gradle <<configuration_cache_requirements.adoc#config_cache:requirements:reading_sys_props_and_env_vars, tracks>> accesses to environment variables and system properties during configuration time to record them as inputs to the Configuration Cache, so the cache entry is invalidated when those variables change.

Starting with Gradle 9.5.0, calling `.values()` on the maps returned from `System.getenv()` or `System.getProperties()` records **all** environment variables or system properties respectively as inputs to the Configuration Cache, similarly to how `.forEach()` calls are tracked in previous versions.
If your build configuration uses `System.getenv().values()` or `System.getProperties().values()`, you may experience more frequent Configuration Cache invalidations.

==== Dependency lockfiles are generated with a platform-independent line ending

Dependency lockfiles now use a platform independent line ending (`\n`) instead of the system default.
Existing lockfiles written with Windows line endings can still be read, but new lockfiles generated will only use platform independent line endings.

During the next lock update using Gradle 9.5.0 or above, if the lockfiles were previously generated with Windows line endings, all line endings will be changed, regardless of whether dependencies have changed.

[[changes_9.4.0]]
== Upgrading from 9.3.1 and earlier

=== Potential breaking changes

==== The `java-gradle-plugin` plugin now adds the `gradleApi()` dependency to the `compileOnlyApi` scope

The `gradleApi()` dependency is now added to the `compileOnlyApi` scope instead of the `api` scope.
This prevents the `gradleApi()` from leaking into the runtime classpath of other dependents of the plugin project.

This might break projects that were implicitly relying on the `gradleApi()` being on the compilation or runtime classpath.
If this is the case, add a `gradleApi()` dependency to the appropriate scope to restore the previous behavior.

For most plugin projects, this change should be transparent as:

- at compilation time, the plugin project will get the `gradleApi()`
- the default test source set will also automatically get the `gradleApi()` dependency on the compilation and runtime classpaths

If any additional test source set is used (e.g., integration tests), the `plugin` extension offers the `plugins.testSourceSet` method to register the source set for automatic management.
If this cannot be done, a regular declaration of the `gradleApi()` dependency on the test source can be used as well.

==== Stricter validation for published plugins

For plugin builds that apply any of the `com.gradle.plugin-publish`, `ivy-publish`, or `maven-publish` plugins, Gradle now automatically enables stricter validation of plugin code.

In order not to break your builds, this does not apply to local plugins (in `buildSrc` or included builds containing build logic).
However, we encourage you to always enable stricter validation:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
tasks.validatePlugins {
    enableStricterValidation = true
}
----

==== CodeNarc compilation classpath is set by default

The CodeNarc plugin now automatically populates the `compilationClasspath` of a `CodeNarc` task with the compile classpath of its associated source set.

CodeNarc offers link:https://codenarc.org/codenarc-enhanced-classpath-rules.html[Enhanced Classpath Rules] (like `UnusedImport` or `DuplicateImport`) that require the project's compiled classes and dependencies to be analyzed for full accuracy.
Previously, you had to wire this up manually.
Now, it works out of the box.

This change introduces a task dependency.
The `CodeNarc` task must now wait for the `compile` task to finish so it can access the compiled classes.

If you do not use enhanced rules and want to restore parallel execution, you can manually empty the `compilationClasspath`:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
plugins {
    id("groovy")
    id("codenarc")
}

tasks.withType<CodeNarc>().configureEach {
    // Override the default compilation classpath
    compilationClasspath = files()
}
----

If your build relies on a custom configuration for the `compilationClasspath` of a `CodeNarc` task, you will need to continue explicitly setting it to override the new default behavior.

==== System property priority for Wrapper execution has changed

The priority of <<build_environment.adoc#sec:gradle_system_properties,system properties>> passed to the <<gradle_wrapper.adoc#gradle_wrapper,Gradle Wrapper>> now correctly follows the documented order of precedence.
In previous versions, properties defined in `gradle.properties` files could unexpectedly override those passed via the command line.

If a property is defined in multiple locations, Gradle now strictly honors the following hierarchy (from highest to lowest):

[cols="1,2,3", options="header"]
|===
| Priority | Source | Example
| 1 (Highest) | <<command_line_interface.adoc#command_line_interface,Command Line Option>> | `./gradlew build -Dproperty.name=value`
| 2 | <<directory_layout.adoc#dir:gradle_user_home,Gradle User Home>> | `~/.gradle/gradle.properties`
| 3 (Lowest) | <<directory_layout.adoc#dir:project_root,Project Directory>> | `[project-root]/gradle.properties`
|===

For more details see the link:https://github.com/gradle/gradle/issues/36189[related issue].

==== Upgrade to Kotlin 2.3.0

The embedded Kotlin has been upgraded from 2.2.21 to link:https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin/releases/tag/v2.3.0[Kotlin 2.3.0].

==== Upgrade to Zinc 1.12.0

Zinc has been updated to https://github.com/sbt/zinc/releases/tag/v1.12.0[1.12.0].

=== Deprecations

[[findAll_removal]]
==== Deprecation of `DomainObjectCollection.findAll(Closure)`

The `findAll(Closure)` method on Gradle collections is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in Gradle 10.0.0.

This method relies specifically on Groovy types and eagerly evaluates the contents of the container.

To fix this, use the similar `DomainObjectCollection.matching(Spec)`.
While not a direct replacement for `findAll`, `matching` is lazy, it returns a new collection that only filters elements as they are actually needed by the build:

[source,groovy]
----
// Deprecated:
def checkTasks = tasks.findAll { it.name.startsWith("check") }

// Recommended:
def checkTasks = tasks.matching { it.name.startsWith("check") }
----

[[deprecated_test_methods]]
==== Deprecation of methods taking `Closure` on `Test` tasks

The following APIs are deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0:

- `AbstractTestTask.onOutput(Closure)` can be replaced with `AbstractTestTask.addTestOutputListener(TestOutputListener)`
- `AbstractTestTask.beforeTest(Closure)` can be replaced with `AbstractTestTask.addTestListener(TestListener)`
- `AbstractTestTask.afterTest(Closure)` can be replaced with `AbstractTestTask.addTestListener(TestListener)`
- `AbstractTestTask.beforeSuite(Closure)` can be replaced with `AbstractTestTask.addTestListener(TestListener)`
- `AbstractTestTask.beforeSuite(Closure)` can be replaced with `AbstractTestTask.addTestListener(TestListener)`
- `Test.testFramework(Closure)` can be replaced with `Test.options(Action)`

[[deprecate_apply_false_in_precompiled_script_plugins]]
==== Deprecation of `apply false` in precompiled script plugins

The use of `apply false` within <<implementing_gradle_plugins_precompiled.adoc#implementing_precompiled_plugins, precompiled script plugins>> is now deprecated and will result in an error in Gradle 10.0.0.

In a precompiled script, the `plugins {}` block behaves differently than in a standard build script.
Currently, if you write `apply false`, Gradle applies the plugin anyway.
This creates confusion because the syntax suggests you are merely adding a plugin to the classpath without activating it, which is not what actually happens.

The fix depends on whether you actually want the plugin to be active in your precompiled script:

- If you want to use the plugin: Remove the `apply false` statement.
- If you do NOT want to use the plugin: Delete the line entirely.

.my-plugin.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
plugins {
    // Deprecated (and misleading, as it is still applied)
    id("org.gradle.test-retry") apply false
    // The plugin will still be on the classpath,
    // but it will not be applied as part of this precompiled script plugin.

    // Recommended: Either remove 'apply false' to keep using it,
    // or delete the line to stop using it.
    id("org.gradle.test-retry")
}
----

[[deprecate_version_in_precompiled_settings_script_plugins]]
==== Deprecation of `version` in precompiled Settings script plugins

The use of `version` within <<implementing_gradle_plugins_precompiled.adoc#settings_pre_compiled_plugins, precompiled Settings script plugins>> is now deprecated and will become an error in Gradle 10.0.0.

In precompiled scripts, `version` has no effect.
The plugin version is already fixed by the script's own build file; declaring it again inside the script is ignored and causes confusion about which version is actually in use.

To fix this, remove the `.version()` or `version "..."` call from the `plugins {}` block:

.my-plugin.settings.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
plugins {
    // Deprecated:
    id("org.gradle.test-retry") version "x.y.z"
    // Recommended:
    id("org.gradle.test-retry")
}
----

==== Deprecation of `Dependencies.getProject()` method

The `getProject()` method on `Dependencies` has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

`Dependencies` is used to configure dependencies in test suites.
Previously, `getProject()` was used by Gradle internally to reference the current project.
While never intended for public use, it could be used unintentionally in build scripts.

For example, the following configuration accidentally invokes the deprecated method because `project.path` resolves against the `Dependencies` object rather than the top-level `Project` object:

[source,kotlin]
----
testing {
    suites {
        val integrationTest by registering(JvmTestSuite::class) {
            dependencies {
                implementation(project(project.path)) // `project.path` accesses `Dependencies.getProject()`
            }
        }
    }
}
----

The configuration above may now fail to compile with an error in 9.5.0 if `-Werror` is set.

To depend on the current project, use the `project()` method without arguments. 
This syntax is the idiomatic way to reference the project in both test suites and standard `dependencies {}` blocks:

[source,kotlin]
----
testing {
    suites {
        val integrationTest by registering(JvmTestSuite::class) {
            dependencies {
                implementation(project())
            }
        }
    }
}
----


[[changes_9.3.0]]
== Upgrading from 9.2.0 and earlier

=== Potential breaking changes

==== Referential equality is not guaranteed for `Project` instances

Instances of `Project` type representing the same logical Gradle project do not provide any guarantee of being equal by reference (`==` in Java, `===` in Kotlin).
However, historically it was possible to observe that such `Project` instances were exactly the same.

In Gradle 9.3.0, `Project` instances (for the same logical project) **can be different** with respect to the referential equality,
even if obtained within the same context, e.g., in the same build script.
This change is necessary to facilitate future performance improvements of Gradle.
The `Project.equals()` equality behavior remains unchanged.

Avoid referential equality in Kotlin:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
// DON'T do this
project.rootProject === project.parent
----

Avoid referential equality in Groovy:

.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
// DON'T do this
project.rootProject.is(project.parent)
----

Avoid referential equality in Java:

MyPlugin.java
[source,java]
----
// DON'T do this
project.getRootProject() == project.getParent();
----

In general, it is better to check project equality via `Project.getPath()` or `Project.getBuildTreePath()` for composite-build support.
The paths are also better suited to be keys in data structures, like maps.

==== TestNG output may change when using versions before 6.9.13.3

As part of the `AbstractTestTask` refactoring, Gradle’s integration with TestNG has been updated.
Gradle now relies on a correctly functioning `IClassListener` to report the hierarchy of test classes and methods.

When using TestNG versions **earlier than 6.9.13.3**, this can lead to different or degraded output:

- With older versions, class information may be lost. For example, output that previously looked like: `org.gradle > TestClass > ok` may now be reported simply as: `ok`.
- For TestNG versions **from 6.9.10 up to (but not including) 6.9.13.3**, the `IClassListener` API exists but is broken. This can result in even worse output, such as empty or missing names.

To get correct and stable output, we recommend upgrading to **TestNG 6.9.13.3 or newer**.

==== Upgrade to Kotlin 2.2.21

The embedded Kotlin has been upgraded from 2.2.20 to link:https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin/releases/tag/v2.2.21[2.2.21].

==== Upgrade to Jansi 2.4.2

Jansi was upgraded from https://github.com/fusesource/jansi/blob/jansi-2.4.2/changelog.md#jansi-118-released-2019-04-02[1.18] to https://github.com/fusesource/jansi/releases/tag/jansi-2.4.2[2.4.2] to pick up support for Windows ARM64.

==== Upgrade to ASM 9.9

ASM was upgraded from 9.8 to https://asm.ow2.io/versions.html[9.9] to ensure earlier compatibility for Java 26.

==== Upgrade to Groovy 4.0.29

Groovy has been updated to https://groovy-lang.org/changelogs/changelog-4.0.29.html[4.0.29].

==== Upgrade to JaCoCo 0.8.14

JaCoCo has been updated to https://www.jacoco.org/jacoco/trunk/doc/changes.html[0.8.14].

=== Deprecations

[[deprecated_wrapper_get_available_distribution_types]]
==== Deprecation of the `Wrapper.getAvailableDistributionTypes()` method

The method on the link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/tasks/wrapper/Wrapper.html[Wrapper] task has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.

Use link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/tasks/wrapper/Wrapper.DistributionType.html#values()[`Wrapper.DistributionType.values()`] to obtain the available distribution types instead.

[[publishing_dependency_on_unpublished_project]]
==== Deprecation of publishing dependencies on unpublished projects

When publishing a project, Gradle resolves project dependencies to the coordinates of the target project's publication.
If the target project has no publication, Gradle currently resolves the dependency silently using that project's `group`, `name`, and `version`.

Starting with Gradle 10, this behavior is deprecated.
Gradle will no longer silently ignore the absence of a publication.
Publishing a project that depends on another project without a publication will be forbidden and will cause the build to fail.
This change prevents publishing broken metadata with dependency coordinates that cannot be resolved.

The example below demonstrates a build that triggers the deprecated behavior:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
plugins {
    id("java-library")
    id("maven-publish")
}

group = "com.example"
version = "1.0.0"

dependencies {
    api(project(":other"))
}

publishing {
    publications {
        create<MavenPublication>("maven") {
            from(components["java"])
        }
    }
}
----

.other/build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
plugins {
    id("java-library")
}

group = "com.example"
version = "1.0.0"
----

To avoid this deprecation, ensure that all project dependencies of published projects are also published.
In the example above, applying the `maven-publish` plugin and configuring a publication in the `:other` project resolves the issue:

.other/build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
plugins {
    id("java-library")
    id("maven-publish")
}

group = "com.example"
version = "1.0.0"

publishing {
    publications {
        create<MavenPublication>("maven") {
            from(components["java"])
        }
    }
}
----

[[deprecate_legacy_usage_values]]
==== Deprecation of legacy `Usage` attribute values

Since Gradle 5.6, the link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/attributes/Usage.html[`Usage`] attribute has been split into an additional link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/attributes/LibraryElements.html[`LibraryElements`] attribute.
In the JVM ecosystem, `Usage` indicates whether a variant is intended for compilation or runtime, while `LibraryElements` specifies the format of the artifact (for example, a JAR file or a classes directory).

To ease migration, Gradle has automatically mapped legacy `Usage` values to their corresponding `Usage` and `LibraryElements` pairs:

|===
| Legacy `Usage`           | Replaced `Usage` | Replaced `LibraryElements`
| `java-api-jars`          | `java-api`       | `jar`
| `java-api-classes`       | `java-api`       | `classes`
| `java-runtime-jars`      | `java-runtime`   | `jar`
| `java-runtime-classes`   | `java-runtime`   | `classes`
| `java-runtime-resources` | `java-runtime`   | `resources`
|===

Starting with Gradle 10, this automatic mapping will no longer occur when legacy `Usage` values are added directly to an `AttributeContainer` in build logic.
To maintain backward compatibility for already published modules, Gradle will continue translating legacy `Usage` values found in published Gradle Module Metadata.

[[module_identity_for_root_component]]
==== Deprecation of using module coordinates to depend on the current project

Starting with Gradle 10, declaring a dependency on the current project using module coordinates (`group`, `name`, `version`) will no longer resolve to that project.
Instead, Gradle will attempt to resolve that dependency from a repository.

The example below demonstrates the change in behavior:

.my-project/build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
group = "com.example"
version = "1.0.0"

val deps = configurations.dependencyScope("deps")
val classpath = configurations.resolvable("classpath") {
    extendsFrom(deps.get())
    attributes.attribute(Category.CATEGORY_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(Category.LIBRARY))
}

val elements = configurations.consumable("elements") {
    attributes.attribute(Category.CATEGORY_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(Category.LIBRARY))
}

dependencies {
    // In Gradle 9.x, this dependency resolves to the `elements` configuration.
    // In Gradle 10, this dependency will attempt to resolve from a repository.
    deps("com.example:my-project:1.0.0")
}
----

To continue depending on the current project, use a `project` dependency:

.my-project/build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
dependencies {
    // Declare a dependency on the current project to continue resolving
    // to the current project.
    deps(project)
}
----

[[deprecate_moduleversionselector_to_modulecomponentselector]]
==== Deprecation of `ModuleVersionSelector` to `ModuleComponentSelector` conversion
The conversion of `ModuleVersionSelector` to `ModuleComponentSelector` (used in
link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/ResolutionStrategy.html#force(java.lang.Object...)[`ResolutionStrategy.force(...)`],
link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/DependencyResolveDetails.html#useTarget(java.lang.Object)[`DependencyResolveDetails.useTarget(Object)`], and
link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/plugin/management/PluginResolveDetails.html#useModule(java.lang.Object)[`PluginResolveDetails.useModule(Object)`]
) has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

Typically, `ModuleVersionSelector` instances are `DependencyContstraint` objects.

Note that this deprecation does not apply to `ExternalDependency` objects, despite them implementing `ModuleVersionSelector`.

To fix this deprecation, pass one of the supported notations (for example, a String in the `group:name:version` format).

[[changes_9.2.0]]
== Upgrading from 9.1.0 and earlier

=== Potential breaking changes

==== Upgrade to Kotlin 2.2.20

The embedded Kotlin has been upgraded from 2.2.0 to link:https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin/releases/tag/v2.2.20[Kotlin 2.2.20].

==== Removed incubating `ObjectFactory#dependencyCollector()` method

The incubating `ObjectFactory#dependencyCollector()` method has been removed.
You can still create `DependencyCollectors` within Gradle <<properties_providers.adoc#managed_types, managed types>>.

==== Consumable configurations in bundled plugins are now initialized lazily

Consumable configurations created by bundled Gradle plugins are now initialized only when needed.
`Configure` actions on these configurations no longer run at configuration time by default.
They only execute if the configuration is published, consumed as a variant, or otherwise realized by build logic.

For example:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
plugins {
    id("java-library")
}

configurations.named("apiElements").configure {
    println("Configuring apiElements")
}
----

With this change, the `Configuring apiElements` line is no longer printed during configuration time unless `apiElements` is actually realized.

See <<declaring_configurations.adoc#declaring-dependency-configurations,Declaring Configurations>> for more guidance.

[[validate_plugins_java_version]]
==== `ValidatePlugins` now has stricter Java version requirements

The `ValidatePlugins` task must now run on a Java version that is supported by the Gradle daemon.
This change was made because the task depends on several core Gradle services, which may now be compiled to the same bytecode version supported by the daemon.

By default, the task’s convention has been updated:

* If your project’s toolchain is compatible, `ValidatePlugins` will use it.
* Otherwise, it will fall back to the Java version used to run Gradle.

If you explicitly set a toolchain like this:

[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
tasks.withType<ValidatePlugins>().configureEach {
    javaLauncher.set(
        project.javaToolchains.launcherFor {
            languageVersion.set(JavaLanguageVersion.of(17))
        }
    )
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
tasks.withType(ValidatePlugins).configureEach {
    javaLauncher.set(
        project.javaToolchains.launcherFor {
            languageVersion.set(JavaLanguageVersion.of(17))
        }
    )
}
----
=====

If the specified Java version is **not** compatible with the Gradle daemon, you must update it to a <<compatibility.adoc#java_runtime,compatible version>>.

=== Deprecations

[[project_container_methods]]
==== Deprecation of `Project.container(...)` methods

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/Project.html#container-java.lang.Class-[`Project.container(...)`] methods are deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.
These methods manually create named domain object containers.

Use a <<properties_providers.adoc#mutable_managed_properties,managed property>> to let Gradle instantiate containers automatically.
If a managed property isn’t possible, use `ObjectFactory.domainObjectContainer(...)` (available since Gradle 5.5).
Unlike `Project.container(Class)`, the `ObjectFactory` version decorates container elements and makes them extension aware.

[[dependency_management_rules]]
==== Deprecation of ruleSource-based dependency management APIs

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/model/RuleSource.html[`RuleSource`]-based dependency management APIs have been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

Deprecated APIs include:

- link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/dsl/ComponentMetadataHandler.html#all(java.lang.Object)[`ComponentMetadataHandler.all(Object)`]
- link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/dsl/ComponentMetadataHandler.html#all(java.lang.Object)[`ComponentMetadataHandler.withModule(Object,Object)`]
- link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/ComponentSelectionRules.html#all(java.lang.Object)[`ComponentSelectionRules.all(Object)`]
- link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/ComponentSelectionRules.html#withModule(java.lang.Object,java.lang.Object)[`ComponentSelectionRules.withModule(Object,Object)`]

Use the alternative methods that accept a `ComponentMetadataRule` class or an `Action`.

[[deprecate_register_feature_no_java_plugin]]
==== Deprecation of calling `registerFeature` without applying the Java plugin

Creating a JVM feature with link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/plugins/JavaPluginExtension.html#registerFeature(java.lang.String,org.gradle.api.Action)[`JavaPluginExtension#registerFeature`] before applying the Java plugin has been deprecated and will become an error in Gradle 10.0.0.

Ensure the Java plugin is applied before invoking `registerFeature`.
The following bundled plugins apply the Java plugin automatically:

- `java-library`
- `application`
- `groovy`
- `scala`
- `war`

[[changes_9.1.0]]
== Upgrading from 9.0.0 and earlier

=== Potential breaking changes

==== Upgrade to ASM 9.8

ASM was upgraded from 9.7.1 to https://asm.ow2.io/versions.html[9.8] to ensure earlier compatibility for Java 25.

==== Upgrade to Groovy 4.0.28

Groovy has been updated to https://groovy-lang.org/changelogs/changelog-4.0.28.html[Groovy 4.0.28].

=== Deprecations

[[dependency_multi_string_notation]]
==== Deprecation of multi-string dependency notation

In an effort to simplify and standardize the Gradle API, the multi-string dependency notation used in dependency management has been deprecated and will no longer be permitted in Gradle 10.
Gradle will primarily accept dependency declarations in the form of a single string, with each dependency coordinate separated by a colon.

Below are examples of the deprecated multi-string notation:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
dependencies {
    implementation(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0")
    implementation(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0", configuration = "conf")
    implementation(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0", classifier = "classifier")
    implementation(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0", ext = "ext")
}

testing.suites.named<JvmTestSuite>("test") {
    dependencies {
        implementation(module(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0"))
    }
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
dependencies {
    implementation(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0')
    implementation(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0', configuration: 'conf')
    implementation(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0', classifier: 'classifier')
    implementation(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0', ext: 'ext')
}

testing.suites.test {
    dependencies {
        implementation(module(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0'))
    }
}
----
=====
====

These declarations should be replaced with the single-string notation:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
dependencies {
    implementation("org:foo:1.0")
    implementation("org:foo:1.0") {
        targetConfiguration = "conf"
    }
    implementation("org:foo:1.0:classifier")
    implementation("org:foo:1.0@ext")
}

testing.suites.named<JvmTestSuite>("test") {
    dependencies {
        implementation("org:foo:1.0")
    }
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
dependencies {
    implementation("org:foo:1.0")
    implementation("org:foo:1.0") {
        targetConfiguration = "conf"
    }
    implementation("org:foo:1.0:classifier")
    implementation("org:foo:1.0@ext")
}

testing.suites.test {
    dependencies {
        implementation("org:foo:1.0")
    }
}
----
=====
====

In some cases, a complete single-string notation may not be known up front.
Instead of concatenating the coordinates into a new string, it is possible to use a link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/dsl/DependencyFactory.html[`DependencyFactory`] to create `Dependency` instances directly from the individual components:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
val group = "org"
val artifactId = "foo"
val version = "1.0"

configurations.dependencyScope("implementation") {
    dependencies.add(project.dependencyFactory.create(group, artifactId, version))
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
def group = "org"
def artifactId = "foo"
def version = "1.0"

configurations.dependencyScope("implementation") {
    dependencies.add(project.dependencyFactory.create(group, artifactId, version))
}
----
=====
====

[[reporting_extension_file]]
==== Deprecation of `ReportingExtension.file(String)`

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/reporting/ReportingExtension.html#file(String)[`file()` method] on `ReportingExtension` has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

Instead, use `ReportingExtension.getBaseDirectory()` with `file(String)` or `dir(String)`.

[[reporting_extension_api_doc_title]]
==== Deprecation of `ReportingExtension.getApiDocTitle()`

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/reporting/ReportingExtension.html#getApiDocTitle()[`getApiDocTitle()` method] on `ReportingExtension` has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

There is no direct replacement for this method.

[[set-all-jvm-args]]
==== Deprecation of `JavaForkOptions.setAllJvmArgs()`

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/process/JavaForkOptions.html#setAllJvmArgs(java.util.List)[`setAllJvmArgs()` method] on `JavaForkOptions` and, by inheritance, on `JavaExecSpec` has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

Instead, to overwrite existing JVM arguments, use:

* `JavaForkOptions.jvmArgs()`
* `JavaForkOptions.setJvmArgs()`
* Provide a <<incremental_build.adoc#sec:task_input_nested_inputs,`CommandLineArgumentProvider`>> to add arguments via `JavaForkOptions.getJvmArgumentProviders()`

Note that link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/process/JavaForkOptions.html#setAllJvmArgs(java.util.List)[`setAllJvmArgs()` method] on `JavaForkOptions` cleared all fork options before setting `jvmArgs`.
The properties cleared included:

* System properties configured via `JavaForkOptions.systemProperties`
* JVM argument providers configured via `JavaForkOptions.jvmArgumentProviders`
* Argument providers configured via `JavaExecSpec.argumentProviders`
* Memory settings configured via `JavaForkOptions.minHeapSize` and `JavaForkOptions.maxHeapSize`
* All other JVM arguments configured via `JavaForkOptions.jvmArgs`
* The assertion and debug flags configured via `JavaForkOptions.enableAssertions` and `JavaForkOptions.debug`

If the arguments you provide to `setJvmArgs()` or `jvmArgs()` depend on any of the above properties being cleared, you will need to manually clear them.

Consider the following snippets for examples of how to implement this change:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source, kotlin]
----
plugins {
    id("java")
}

tasks.register<JavaExec>("myRunTask") {
    jvmArgumentProviders.clear() // Clear existing JVM argument providers
    maxHeapSize = null // Clear max heap size
    jvmArgs = listOf("-Dfoo", "-Dbar") // Set new JVM arguments
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source, groovy]
----
plugins {
    id("java")
}

tasks.named('myRunTask', JavaExec) {
    jvmArgumentProviders.clear() // Clear existing JVM argument providers
    maxHeapSize = null // Clear max heap size
    jvmArgs = ["-Dfoo", "-Dbar"] // Set new JVM arguments
}
----
=====
====

[[archives-configuration]]
==== Deprecation of `archives` configuration

The `archives` configuration added by the <<base_plugin.adoc#base_plugin,`base` plugin>> has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.
Adding artifacts to the `archives` configuration will now result in a deprecation warning.

If you want the artifact to be built when running the `assemble` task, add the artifact (or the task that produces it) as a dependency on `assemble`:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
val specialJar = tasks.register<Jar>("specialJar") {
    archiveBaseName.set("special")
    from("build/special")
}

tasks.named("assemble") {
    dependsOn(specialJar)
}
----

[[deprecate-visible-property]]
==== Deprecation of the `Configuration.visible` property

Prior to Gradle 9.0.0, any configuration with `isVisible()` returning `true` would implicitly trigger artifact creation when running the `assemble` task.
This behavior was removed in Gradle 9.0.0, and the `Configuration.visible` property no longer has any effect.
The property is now deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.
You can safely remove any usage of `visible`.

If you want the artifacts of a configuration to be built when running the `assemble` task, add an explicit task dependency on `assemble`:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
val specialJar = tasks.register<Jar>("specialJar") {
    archiveBaseName.set("special")
    from("build/special")
}

configurations {
    consumable("special") {
        outgoing.artifact(specialJar)
    }
}

tasks.named("assemble") {
    dependsOn(specialJar)
}
----

[[deprecated-gradle-build-non-string-properties]]
==== Deprecation of non-string `projectProperties` in `GradleBuild` task

The `GradleBuild` task now deprecates using non-String values in `startParameter.projectProperties`.
While the type is declared as `Map<String, String>`, there was no strict enforcement, allowing non-String values to be set.
This deprecated behavior will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

If you are using non-String values in project properties, convert them to `String` representation:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
val myIntProp = 42

tasks.register<GradleBuild>("nestedBuild") {
    startParameter.projectProperties.put("myIntProp", "$myIntProp") // Convert int to String
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
def myIntProp = 42

tasks.register('nestedBuild', GradleBuild) {
    startParameter.projectProperties.put('myIntProp', "$myIntProp") // Convert int to String
}
----
=====
====

[[toolchain-project-properties]]
==== Deprecation of project properties for toolchain configuration

In previous versions of Gradle, you could configure toolchains using <<build_environment.adoc#sec:project_properties, project properties>> on the command line with the `-P` flag.
For example, to disable toolchain auto-detection, you could use `-Porg.gradle.java.installations.auto-detect=false`.
This behavior is deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.
Instead, you should specify these settings as <<build_environment.adoc#sec:gradle_configuration_properties, Gradle properties>> using the `-D` flag:

[source,text]
----
-Dorg.gradle.java.installations.auto-detect=false
----
