# Gradle Build Lifecycle

version 9.3.0-20251220022016+0000

The build lifecycle is the sequence of phases Gradle executes to turn your build scripts, source code, and more, into completed work. From initializing the build environment to configuring projects and finally executing tasks.

## Build Phases

A Gradle build has three distinct phases.

Gradle runs these phases in order:

Phase 1. Initialization | Phase 2. Configuration | Phase 3. Execution
--- | --- | ---
- Detects the settings file - Creates a `Settings` instance - Evaluates the settings file to determine which projects (and included builds) make up the build - Creates a `Project` instance for every project | - Evaluates the build files of every project participating in the build - Evaluates the configuration (input/output) of tasks - Creates a task graph for requested tasks | - Schedules and executes the selected tasks

The following example shows which parts of settings and build files correspond to various build phases:

settings.gradle.kts

    rootProject.name = "basic"
    println("This is executed during the initialization phase.")

build.gradle.kts

    println("This is executed during the configuration phase.")

    tasks.register("configured") {
        println("This is also executed during the configuration phase, because :configured is used in the build.")
    }

    tasks.register("test") {
        doLast {
            println("This is executed during the execution phase.")
        }
    }

    tasks.register("testBoth") {
        doFirst {
            println("This is executed first during the execution phase.")
        }
        doLast {
            println("This is executed last during the execution phase.")
        }
        println("This is executed during the configuration phase as well, because :testBoth is used in the build.")
    }

settings.gradle

    rootProject.name = 'basic'
    println 'This is executed during the initialization phase.'

build.gradle

    println 'This is executed during the configuration phase.'

    tasks.register('configured') {
        println 'This is also executed during the configuration phase, because :configured is used in the build.'
    }

    tasks.register('test') {
        doLast {
            println 'This is executed during the execution phase.'
        }
    }

    tasks.register('testBoth') {
    	doFirst {
    	  println 'This is executed first during the execution phase.'
    	}
    	doLast {
    	  println 'This is executed last during the execution phase.'
    	}
    	println 'This is executed during the configuration phase as well, because :testBoth is used in the build.'
    }

The following command executes the `test` task and `testBoth` task specified above. Because Gradle only configures the tasks that are required to run (i.e., the requested task and its dependencies), the `configured` task will not be configured or executed:

    > gradle test testBoth
    This is executed during the initialization phase.

    > Configure project :
    This is executed during the configuration phase.
    This is executed during the configuration phase as well, because :testBoth is used in the build.

    > Task :test
    This is executed during the execution phase.

    > Task :testBoth
    This is executed first during the execution phase.
    This is executed last during the execution phase.

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    2 actionable tasks: 2 executed

    > gradle test testBoth
    This is executed during the initialization phase.

    > Configure project :
    This is executed during the configuration phase.
    This is executed during the configuration phase as well, because :testBoth is used in the build.

    > Task :test
    This is executed during the execution phase.

    > Task :testBoth
    This is executed first during the execution phase.
    This is executed last during the execution phase.

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    2 actionable tasks: 2 executed

### Phase 1. Initialization

In the initialization phase, Gradle detects the set of projects (root and subprojects) and included builds participating in the build.

Gradle first evaluates the settings file, `settings.gradle(.kts)`, and instantiates a `Settings` object.

Then, Gradle instantiates `Project` object instances for each project included in the build (using `includeBuild()` or `include()` in the settings file).

### Phase 2. Configuration

In the configuration phase, Gradle adds tasks and other properties to the projects found by the initialization phase.

Gradle constructs the task graph by understanding the dependencies between tasks.

### Phase 3. Execution

In the execution phase, Gradle runs tasks.

Gradle uses the task execution graphs generated by the configuration phase to determine which tasks to execute. Gradle can execute tasks in parallel.

## Task Graphs

As a build author, you write build logic by defining tasks and declaring how they depend on one another. Gradle uses this information to construct a task graph during the configuration phase that models the relationships between these tasks.

For example, if your project includes tasks such as `buildHtml`, `assembleDocs`, and `createDocs`, and you declare that `assembleDocs` depends on `buildHtml`, and `createDocs` depends on `assembleDocs`, Gradle constructs a graph with this order: `buildHtml` → `assembleDocs` → `createDocs`.

Gradle builds the task graph before executing any task(s).

Across all projects in the build, tasks form a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG).

This diagram shows two example task graphs, one abstract and the other concrete, with dependencies between tasks represented as arrows:

Your build scripts and plugins are responsible for declaring this task dependency graph, either explicitly via the task dependency mechanism (e.g., `dependsOn`) or implicitly using task annotation (e.g., by wiring task inputs and outputs).

Next Step: Learn how to write Build Scripts >>