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[[version_alignment]]
= How to Align Dependency Versions in Gradle

Dependency version alignment ensures that different modules belonging to the same logical group (a <<platforms.adoc#platforms,platform>>) use identical versions in the dependency graph.

== Why do Inconsistent Module Versions Happen?

Gradle supports aligning versions of modules that belong to the same <<platforms.adoc#platforms,*platform*>>.
For example, a component’s **API and implementation modules** should use the **same version**.

However, due to **transitive dependency resolution**, modules within the same platform may end up using **different versions**, leading to potential compatibility issues.

Consider the following example, where your project depends on both `jackson-databind` and `vert.x`:

====
include::sample[dir="snippets/how-to/aligning-versions/kotlin",files="build.gradle.kts[tags=dependency-full]"]
include::sample[dir="snippets/how-to/aligning-versions/groovy",files="build.gradle[tags=dependency-full]"]
====

Dependency resolution may result in:

- **`jackson-core`** → `2.9.5` (required by `vertx-core`)
- **`jackson-databind`** → `2.9.5` (resolved via conflict resolution)
- **`jackson-annotations`** → `2.9.0` (a dependency of `jackson-databind:2.9.5`)

The issue is that `Vert.x` (`3.5.0`) uses an older `Jackson` (`2.9.0`), but the explicit dependency (`2.9.5`) forces Gradle to upgrade `Vert.x`\'s `Jackson` dependencies from `2.9.0` to `2.9.5`:

====
include::sample[dir="snippets/how-to/aligning-versions/tests",files="dependencies.out"]
====

This mismatch can lead to **incompatibility issues** and unexpected failures.

Gradle provides **dependency version alignment** through <<platforms.adoc#platforms,**platforms**>>, ensuring related modules use **consistent versions**.

[[sec:align_bom_platform]]
== Option 1: Using a Published Platform

If a public platform (also known as a BOM) is available, import it as a platform:

====
include::sample[dir="snippets/how-to/aligning-versions/kotlin",files="build.gradle.kts[tags=dependency-full-bom]"]
include::sample[dir="snippets/how-to/aligning-versions/groovy",files="build.gradle[tags=dependency-full-bom]"]
====

Running `./gradlew dependencies --configuration runtimeClasspath` showcases the aligned dependencies:

====
include::sample[dir="snippets/how-to/aligning-versions/tests",files="dependencies-bom.out"]
====

[[sec:align-versions-unpublished]]
=== Option 2: Creating a Virtual Platform

[[sec:virtual_platform]]
If no public BOM exists, you can create a **virtual platform**.

In this case, Gradle builds the platform **dynamically** based on the modules being used.
For this, you must define <<component_metadata_rules.adoc#component-metadata-rules,**component metadata rules**>>:

====
include::sample[dir="snippets/how-to/aligning-versions/kotlin",files="build.gradle.kts[tags=dependency-full-platform]"]
include::sample[dir="snippets/how-to/aligning-versions/groovy",files="build.gradle[tags=dependency-full-platform]"]
====

This ensures that all **Jackson modules align to the same version**, even if brought in transitively.

Running `./gradlew dependencies --configuration runtimeClasspath` showcases the aligned dependencies:

====
include::sample[dir="snippets/how-to/aligning-versions/tests",files="dependencies-platform.out"]
====

[[sec:native_alignment]]
=== Option 3: Using the Java Plugin

Gradle **natively supports version alignment** using the <<java_platform_plugin.adoc#java_platform_plugin, Java Platform Plugin>>.

When projects have multiple modules that are versioned together (e.g., `lib`, `utils`, `core`), using mixed versions (e.g., `core:1.0` and `lib:1.1`) can lead to runtime issues or incompatibilities.

Consider a *project* with *three modules*:

- `lib`
- `utils`
- `core` _(depends on `lib` and `utils`)_

A **consumer project** declares:

- `core` version 1.0
- `lib` version 1.1

By default, Gradle selects `core:1.0` and `lib:1.1`, leading to **version misalignment**.

To fix this, introduce a **platform module** that enforces constraints:

====
include::sample[dir="snippets/dependencyManagement/managingTransitiveDependencies-dependencyAlignmentWithPlatform/kotlin/platform",files="build.gradle.kts[tags=platform]"]
include::sample[dir="snippets/dependencyManagement/managingTransitiveDependencies-dependencyAlignmentWithPlatform/groovy/platform",files="build.gradle[tags=platform]"]
====

Each module should declare a **dependency on the platform**:

====
include::sample[dir="snippets/dependencyManagement/managingTransitiveDependencies-dependencyAlignmentWithPlatform/kotlin/core",files="build.gradle.kts[tags=dependencies]"]
include::sample[dir="snippets/dependencyManagement/managingTransitiveDependencies-dependencyAlignmentWithPlatform/groovy/core",files="build.gradle[tags=dependencies]"]
====

This ensures all dependencies (`core`, `lib`, and `utils`) resolve consistently to version `1.1`.

== Summary

Using **platforms and BOMs**, Gradle ensures **consistent dependency versions**, avoiding compatibility issues.
When no published BOM exists, **virtual platforms** allow manual alignment of dependencies.
